Historical Development The American Dream History Essay

Historical Development The American Dream History Essay The idea of the American dream was evident long before its coinage. However, the idea of the American dream could be traced chronologically, from the discovery of America, especially the Northern part or the Promised Land4 to the modern age. According to Robert E. Spiller, in Literary History of the United States, the idea of the American dream was associated with America. As a state of mind, America has existed long before its discovery.5 Europeans began to come up with all sorts of hopes, dreams, and aspirations for the new and largely unexplored continent. Many of these dreams focused on owing lands and establishing prosperous business and religious freedom. For them, the American dream was the dream of an Earthly Paradise. The Earthly Paradise was strongly believed to be the land of great opportunities. It was a great dream that dominated Europeans imaginations: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦from the time of the first settlement, America was seen from European eyes as a land of boundless opportunities, a place where man, after centuries of poverty, misery, and corruption could have a second chance to fulfill, in reality, his mythic yearnings for a return to paradise.6 The idea of the American dream was as old as the American continent. Europeans were influenced by the Greeks and Classics writings. During the sixteenth century, an English saint and humanist, Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) identified America with Platos Utopia. In his book Utopia (1516), More represented the idea of the heavenly paradise to an attainable paradise. In the nineteenth century, the idea of Utopia changed into an actual paradise. Because of the influence of the French and Industrial Revolutions, the earthly paradise was attainable.7 With the possibility of such a land, the American dream was an attitude of hope and spiritual faith erected to fulfill human wishes, desires, and dreams in the New World. Thousands of European immigrants had moved to the New World to fulfill the versions of the American dream. The New World was a hope of a new life away from frustration and the sense of inferiority. 8 The American dream dealt with the idea of bettering one selfs economy by which one hoped the New World would provide abundant opportunities for ones prosperity and success. The dream was of rising from poverty to fame and fortune i.e. from rags-to-riches.9 Furthermore, it was the dream of a perfect government that would provide immigrants full and equal opportunities. They would go to the New World to set up new religious and political communities, hopefully, based on their ideas.10 The idea of the American dream had developed. It represented the dream of individual success of that of the American Adam whose labors and posterity that one day would cause great change in the New World.11 According to R. W. B. Lewis, the American Adam was: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a radically new personality, the hero of the new adventure: an individual emancipated from history, happily bereft of ancestry, untouched and undefiled by the usual inheritance of family and race, an individual standing alone, self-reliant and self-propelling, ready to confront whatever awaited him with the aid of his own unique and inherent resource.12 This signified the secular dimension of the American dream, which was associated with social success. With the rise of industrialism and the growth of the economic environment and the rapid advance of science and technology in the nineteenth century, America changed from an agricultural into an industrial and a capitalistic country. The idea of the American dream was to achieve economic independence, especially to have a vocation and own a home in order to be happy. This economic development led to class distinctions and created special privileges for certain classes. It was the pursuit of money rather than of happiness. With the development of new knowledge of Darwinian Theory, American people believed in the struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. To become wealthy, one needed to fulfill his or her dreams by all means, even if the fulfillment was by illegal ways. This dilemma corrupted the principles of freedom and equality of opportunity, and caused great doubt tow ard the American dream as a whole, and engaged more severely against other human beings. 13 A concept often brought into connection with the American dream was the symbol of Melting Pot. The idea of Melting Pot was used in the eighteenth and ninetieth centuries, the metaphor of a Crucible was used to describe the fusion of different nationalities, ethnicities, and cultures.14 It was used together with the concepts of the United States as an ideal republic and a city upon a Hill. It was a metaphor for the idealized process of immigration and colonization by which different nationalities and races were to blend into a new, virtuous community, and it was connected to Utopian vision of the emergence of an American new man.15 It was first used in American Literature, as a concept of immigrants melting into the receiving culture, was found in the writings of J. Hector John de Crevecoeur. In his Letters from an American Farmer (1782), Crevecoeur referred to the problem of the American Nationality that appeared after the Revolutionary Era and the Declaration of Independence. He wrote: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a man whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, [new in part, because of that] strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. He is an American who, leaving behind him all his ancient prejudice and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holdsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The Americans were once scattered all over Europe; here they are incorporated into one of the finest systems of population which has ever appeared.16 In 1908, a play by Israel Zangwill named Melting Pot, was first performed in Washington, D. C., where the immigrant protagonist declared: Understanding that America is Gods Crucible, the great Melting-Pot, where all the races of Europe are melting and re-forming! [into a new identity] Here you stand, good folk, think I, when I see them at Ellis Island, here you stand in your fifty grounds, your fifty languages, and histories, and your fifties blood hatred and rivalries. But you wont be long like that, brothers, for these are the fires of God youve come to-these are fires of God. A fig for your feuds, and Vendettas! German and French manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ into the crucible with you all! God is making the American.17 However, the play was soon criticized as unrealistic; because melting and reforming into new American Adam appeared to be heresy that implied that all sides had to give up their culture completely to create a new one. The conflict was that many social classes and groups were excluded from the participation in the earthly life.18 Nevertheless, since the whites (Anglo-Saxon Protestants) were the predominant group in the British Colonies, other cultures and identities were perceived as inferior or even unwanted. African-Americans and Native American Indians were enslaved; Catholic Irish and Southern European immigrants were discriminated against for centureies.19 People from different cultural backgrounds often wrongly interpreted the concept of melting pot as the peaceful living together with people from other ethnic groups. But in reality, ethnic groups or minorities in America were not equal to the white people. African- Americans and Native American Indians were denied civil rights.20 Gradually, the meaning of the melting pot had changed. In response to the criticism of the concept of melting pot, Horace Kallen developed the concept of cultural pluralism in 1915. This concept incorporated that different ethnic groups could keep their cultures and that people would mutually enrich their culture. 21 Multiculturalists asserted that cultural differences within society were valuable, and should be preserved. They proposed the alternative metaphor of the mosaic or salad bowl-different cultures mixed, but remained distinct.22 The question was what, then, is the American, this new man? He is neither European nor the descendant of a European.23 The conflict was between the dreams of the white European Americans, who came to the New World to fulfill their dreams as new men, and the dreams of the other minorities, especially, the black African, who came by force. Like many other minorities, Africans were obliged to abandon their rights of sharing or participating in the American life. According to the assumption that Man was part of the universe, man had the power to improve his own nature by improving his environment through science and education.24 Merle Curti in his The Growth of American Thought affirmed mans natural rights of life, liberty, and prosperity, which were accessible to everyone without discrimination. In order to be a normal American citizen, one should naturally practice these rights. These natural rights could not be alienated from the state, and if the state did violate the natural law of the universe by alienating these rights, then man could and should resort to revolution.25 This basic fact encouraged many people in the United States of America, especially African-Americans to take action and revolt against the injustice. By the turn of the twentieth century, the American dream was described as a nightmare. In the Two World Wars, the dream had begun to lose its glitter. Americans, whites and blacks became disillusioned by the idea of making the world safe for democracy [which] had proved to be blasphemy.26 They believed that they were fighting for a better world, for a world of peace and corporation, for a real and immediate Utopia. Americans had suffered psychological and mental pressures, and the image of death made men lose stability and lose faith in the American dream of establishing a perfect world. Instead, they became neurotic, frustrated, and disappointed; Gertrude Stein described the new youth as a lost generation, because their lives became meaningless, pointless, and agonizing ones. 27 The reason behind the confrontation of dreams, was the misery and suffering caused by the crisis that happened in the first half of the twentieth century. One of the most eventual and memorable decades in American history was, the Great Depression of the 1930s that changed American life, and prepared the country for a post-war era, characterized by pessimism and despair.28 Thus, the American dream of the modern age had been shrouded by doubt and pessimism, as economics faltered and opportunities diminished. The dream became a record of unfulfilled promises and dashed hopes.29 Yet, Americans had consistently, flavored their dreams with dashed skepticism. From the very beginning, this was true, Sir Thomas More was as skeptical as any other man about the promises he entitled in Utopia. When he wrote it, he was playing with an idea.30 This showed that the American dream was first an idea. Then, it was said that the American dream had served as a justification for those who had exploited a virgin country, and it had been the chief argument of those who had tried to equalize all men before the law.31 Consequently, people came to anticipate a generous and friendly New World rather than a lavish heaven.32 The American dream was not the product of a solitary thinker, but evolved from the hearts and burdened souls of millions who came to this nation. To make their dreams come true, James Truslow Adams insisted on the principle of working together, no longer merely to build bigger, but to build better. And that referred to all citizens of the United States whether they were black or white.33 After World War II, the American dream was portrayed as a military power.34 The United States of America became the most powerful nation. The 1950s was the period of American preeminence as a military and economic power that revived the dream after the Great Depression of the 1930s. America was marked by a self-conscious sense of its place in the world. The twentieth century was the American Century, the post-war era was certainly the time when citizens of the United States began to believe that it was, in fact, their century, and that theirs was the greatest country in the world. With the Americans belief of their responsibility for winning World War II, it provided them with self-confidence about the world. 35 Frederick R. Karl characterized the period: as a time of growth, development, progress, enlightenment, and achievement of goals; as a renaissance of sort and essential to what helped turn the country into a superpower under a benign, grinning, ex-hero of a persistence. The general argument is that man and woman who experienced the depression returned from World War II to rebuild the country. This generation accordingly, is a treasure, for not only did it , revitalize the country domestically, it helped make the United States the beacon of the World, offering financial aid, food, and military muscle wherever required.36 Americans had always had a faith in the new. Critics saw the American dream as a clever political and economic marketing strategy. They wanted people to get away from selfishness, individualism, and materialism, and to return to community spirit and social responsibility.37 The meaning of the American dream had changed over the course of history. The American dream simply indicated the ability, the practice, and the participation in the society and economy, for everyone to achieve prosperity. According to the American dream, this included the opportunity for ones children to grow up and receive a good education and career without artificial barriers. It was the opportunity to make individual choice without the prior restrictions that limited people, according to their class, caste, religion, race, or ethnicity.38 1:2The African-American Experience In the United States of America, the African-Americans experience was unique. It was marked by slavery, segregation, and injustice. It made the quest for the American dream; that was of freedom, equality, and happiness, an essential pursuit.39 It is important to shed light on the African-American struggle in the United States of America. Unlike most of other minorities, the African- Americans were captured in Africa, taken from their homes and lands by force and sent to a strange new land. They were brought chained and enslaved as a result of colonialism.40 In the early colonial days, Black Africans had many opportunities to secure their freedom by escaping or buying themselves out of slavery, and once free, they had a good chance to make their success in the New World. The life of Anthony Johnson41 illustrated the possibility of the blacks early dreams, in the early period of European colonization in American North. He was known as Antonio, a Negro. Johnson was enslaved in 1621, when he was sold to the English Jamestown; he worked with Bennett family (a white family) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ who commended him for his hard labor and known servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He secured his freedom, got married to a freed-slave named Mary and baptized his children. As a freeman, Johnson dreamed of establishing his own farm in Virginia, of 250 acres raising tobacco and cornà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Eventually, his farm was burned, and he was killed, because the colonial legal system had begun to preserve the rights of the whites and deprive blacks of theirs. This period illustrated the fact the era of chattel Slavery had begun. Many Black Africans came to this land having dreams to fulfill. But, many forces spoiled these dreams. The dream of owning a land and successful business for the blacks was limited or weakened by the time and by the force of the law of the Black Codes 42 that was enacted by Virginia, in 1667. Black people had been enslaved with the change of economic conditions. The blacks were denied the opportunity to own land, because they were Negroes and by consequences aliens.43 These Codes made slavery a permanent condition inherited through the mother and defined slaves as property. Such slave Codes robbed the African-American slaves of their freedom and the power of their will. Nevertheless, freedom was always in the mind of the enslaved and how to gain that freedom was the essential question.44 In the New World; African-American slaves were forced to give up their African past and cultivated themselves to being slaves under the white master domination. They were prevented from bringing over their social relations and institutions. These slaves ate what was given to them, not what they wanted, and dressed the clothes that were given to them. In addition, these slaves were treated without any regard or consideration to physical welfare and human dignity.45 In the American South, African-American slaves were described as property. Masters learned to treat their slaves as property. Frederick Douglass, one of the most eloquent speakers against slavery in America, captured the essence of slavery in 1846: Slavery in the United States is the granting of the power by which one man exercises and enforces a right of property in the body and soul of another. The condition of slave is simply that of a brute beast. He is a piece of the master; who claims him[her] to be his property. He is spoken of, thought of, and threaten as property. His own good, his conscience, his intellect, his affection, are all set aside by the master. The will and the wishes of the master are the law of the slave. He is as much a piece of property as a horse. If he is fed, he is fed, because he is property. If he is clothed, it is with a view to the increase of his values as property.46 According to this definition of slavery, an African-American slave was the individual whose movement and activities were under the control of the Whites. Thus, he/she could not leave the controller or the employer without an explicit permission; otherwise, he/she could be punished.47 During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the use of slave labor was cheaper than indentured labor. Slavery was different from one colony to another. On the Eastern Coast and American North, the climate was not supporting extensive farming, slavery, there, tended to be farming slavery, with a few slaves living and working side by side with small farmers or craftsmen. Whereas in the South, the fertile land and warm climates made large-scale cultivation possible, plantation slavery developed. Large numbers of slaves lived and worked on far distances from their owners.48 Another reason for slavery spread was the shortage of indentured servants, which led to resort and to enslave African Americans.49 This meant slavery was essentially an economic institution from which the American nation benefited. More slave labor meant a large measure of prosperity. Many American historians believed that the growth of American economy was not because of slavery. But, Eric Williams, a Caribbean Scholar, charged that black slavery was the engine of that propelled American rise to global economic dominance. In his Capitalism and Slavery, Eric Williams maintained that early Europeans conquest and settlement of the New World depended upon the enslavement of millions of black slaves, who helped amass the capital that financed the industrial revolution. Americas economic progress, he insisted, came at the expense of the black slave, whose labor built the foundation of capitalism.50 In spite of the African-Americans participation in constructing the foundation of this nation, slavery was identified with dark skin.51 By late seventeenth century; slavery and servitude were closely identified with race. White indentured services were limited, voluntary, and had no racial components, whereas, slavery was involuntary, perpetual, and racially defined.52 Hence, indentured servants could be free and had the right to purchase their own freedom or buy completing their period of indenture. At the time of obtaining their freedom, they would pursuit their dreams of property and prosperity. While the African-American slaves did not enjoy these rights and protections.53 Instead, African-American slaves were controlled by the laws of Black Codes. On one hand, race was one of the obstacles that prevented African-Americans from achieving their dreams. On the other hand, the worst condition that African-American slaves had to live under, was the constant threat of sale.54 The African- American slaves family stability and security faced severe challenges. Masters, rather than parents, had legal authority over African-American slaves children and the possibility of forcible separation through sale hung over every family. The Southern plantation owners did not care, whether a slave to be sold off had family members, he/she had to leave behind or not. All mattered was that masters encouraged slavery. As masters questioned the humanity of such slaves, they argued that African- American slaves did not mind being sold since they lacked the ability to form stable family life.55 As for African-American women, they were included in the horrible system of slavery. They were persecuted, subjected to the worse kinds of oppression and exploitation. Not only, because being black women had to endure the horror of slavery and living in a racial and sick society. But as women, they witnessed their physical image being defamed and became the object of the white masters lust. As Black African-American, women had to endure the threat and practice of sexual exploitation, and as mothers, they witnessed their children torn from their breasts and sold into slavery.56 One of the ex-slaves, Jennie Hill explained the outlook of the Black African-Americans humanity according to the whites view point: [White] people think that slaves had no feelings, that they bore their children as animals, bear their young and that there were no heart-breaks when the children were torn from their parents or the mother taken from her brood to toil for a master in another state. But, that isnt so.57 For a white woman, providing home was an essential thing to possess. But, for an African-American woman, it was a dream. Black African-American woman had scantly the opportunity to regain her freedom and her own children.58 During slavery, Black African-American women were exploited in two main sectors of economy: in the fields (with full employment), and in the household. Black African-American women were stretched physically, emotionally, and spiritually to the utmost in the slave plantation, as they were forced to labor like men in the fields. Also they had substantial domestic roles. They raised whites children and created a decent and warm home environment for the white American family, while their dream of family unit was uncertain. 59 The Black African-American slaves had no right to live proper family unit. They had no rights which the master was obliged to respect. The master found it cheaper to overwork a slave and to replace him [or her] when died, rather take care of him [or her] when lived.60 The Black African-American slaves were deprived of living their own lives, denied the right of literacy, education, and could not retract, in inevitably distorted ways, the values, morals, and attitudes of the new civilization of which they gradually became a part.61 White Americans believed that the Black African-American slaves were brutal, barbaric, savage, who would present a real danger to the safety, prosperity, and security of the United States.62 Thus, it was in the system of slavery that the genesis of racism was to be found. According to Eric Williams, slavery was not born of racism, rather, racism was the consequence of slavery.63 White Americans fastened onto differences in physical appearance to develop the myth, that African-American slaves were subhuman and deserved to be enslaved. To enhance the Black African-America slaves inferiority, white Americans deliberately used religion to reinforce slavery as well. To support their institutions, the whites relied heavily on the Biblical story, in which Noahs curse of his son Ham (especially, the fourth son, Canaan), who said in the ninth chapter of Genesis: a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren.64 This story justified the color of the Black African-American slaves. By the Nineteenth century, many historians agreed to the belief that the Black African-American slaves were the descendants of Ham was a primary justification for slavery among Southern Christians. In other words, the Bible was used to teach the Black African-American slaves a divine, God-given justification for their condition as slaves.65 Hence, white Americans became convinced of white superiority and black inferiority. It was the beginning of hatred and racial discrimination.66 White Americans taught the Black African-American slaves how to despise their African heritage, identity, and culture. They strove to include their own value system into the African-Americans outlook. They believed in Africans inferiority that paralleled self-hatred.67 In general, there were five steps in molding the character of strict discipline, a sense of his [her] inferiority, belief in the whites superiority power, acceptance of the whites standers, and finally, a deep sense of his [her] own helplessness and dependence.68 These facts emphasized the flourishing of the white American culture and completely ignoring of the Black African-American slaves culture. The Euro-Americans were the first who immigrated to the New World by their own free will in search of individual opportunity; their European culture was superior. However, the ignorance diminished the real fact of the importance of the African heritage, not only for the Black African-American slaves, but to mankind.69 For centuries, the Black African-American slaves were ignorant about their own culture and identity. They lacked knowledge, they were illiterates. They were described as people [, who] were no more capable of learning than were animals.70 This indicated that Black African-American slaves were victims and white Americans were victimizers. They were oppressed by the power of the whites. So, they were unable to find a hope to transform their life from slavery into freedom.71 1:3The Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evidence, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.72 With the setting of the Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776, the most important document in the American history and self-perception, slavery as a moral, human, and economic system challenged the basic principles of Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness, and proved to be the first great institution that tested the equality doctrine.73 The Declaration of Independence marked not only the independence of the thirteen colonies from Great Britain, it also laid the foundation of womens rights and of struggles for ending slavery: After the American colonies secured their independence from Great Britain, [the] black[s] hoped that the same leaders who had yearned for their own freedom would end slavery.74 The Declaration of Independence rested not upon particular grievances, but upon a broad base of individual liberty that could command general support throughout America.75 It served a purpose far beyond that of a public notice of separation. Its ideas inspired mass fervor for the American cause, for it instilled among ordinary folk a sense of their importance, inspiring them to struggle for personal freedom, self-government, and a dignified place in society.76 The United States of America started to shape itself as the Empire of Liberty and Prosperity, as a new entity, Black African-American slaves continued to play a significant role. Despite the continuation of violence against Black African-American slaves, who challenged the long standing tradition of racial discrimination and oppression in the South, the ex-slave and free-black people stepped forward into a new identity, a new reality, and a new sense of agency in public life. Many Black African-American slaves fought in the war of Independence, and they took to the heart assertion of the right of individual freedom that was so a part of the American Colonial and Revolutionary eras.77 Hence, the Declaration of Independence, as Jim Cullen, a historical critic thought it was not only an important document that shaped the way of Americans lives, but it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦was born and lived the character of the American dream.78 This dream was profound, eloquent, and unequivocal expression of the dignity and worth of all human personality. In his A Struggle for Power, Theodore Draper, a historian summarized the revolutionary era as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a struggle for power -between the power the British wanted to exercise over the Americans and the power the American wished to exercise over themselves.79 This fact suggested the most important question of Slavery. The Declaration of Independence made Americans want nothing more than freedom and to assume a separate and equal station among the power of the earth, Great Britin.80 The problem was, however, that the founding fathers (Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and George Washington, etc.,) of the nation defined freedom in terms of its opposite: Slavery. When they used the term Slavery, however, they were not referring to a peculiar institution, whereby many of the founding fathers themselves brought and sold Black African-American slaves as property. They referred to what they felt Great Britain was doing to their lives and livelihood.81 The unself-conscious comparison between freedom and slavery made other people in the United States call for their freedom as well. A British essayist, Samuel Jonson in 1775, asked, but How we [white people] hear the loudest yelp for liberty among drivers of Negroes?82 This paradoxical state made the founding fathers fear that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the attainment of their dream could encourage others to pursuit theirs.83 And this was true, because the success of the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence, gave Americans the opportunity to give legal form to their political ideals as expressed in the Declaration of Independence, and to remedy some of their grievance through state constitution. Americans were accustomed to live under written constitutions that they took them for granted.84 Therefore, the Black African-Americans experience with the American dream in the United States started with the announcement of the Declaration of Independence. Yet, the founding fathers never thought about women, slaves, and Natives as having equal rights like white Americans (Anglo-Saxon American descents), or did not even recognize them as human beings. Thus, the Declaration of Independence was not the subject to change disagreement, because its content never changed.85

Vertical integration in studio system Essay -- Economics

Vertical integration in studio system The term "vertical integration" refers to the structure of a marketplace, which is integrated (rather than segregated) at a variety of crucial levels. In the case of the motion picture industry, the studio system established a market in which the studios owned production facilities, distribution outlets, and theaters. In other words, the studios controlled every level of the marketplace from the top down, from production to exhibition. "Vertical integration" began in the 1910s and inspired the postwar consolidation of the studio system as national distribution companies, such as Paramount merged with production companies, such as Famous Players and Lasky and subsequently began purchasing theater chains. All of the major studios in Hollywood (Paramount, MGM, Warner Bros., etc) owned theater chains; the minors, Universal, Columbia, and United artists, did not. The minors, distributed their pictures, by special arrangement, to theaters owned by the majors. The majors booked one another's films in their theaters. Vertical int...

Skill in Presenting Information Both Orally and in Writing :: essays research papers

Skill in presenting information both orally and in writing. During my tenure with the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and especially in my current position, a substantial part of my duties has required strong skills in presenting information both orally and in writing. As an example of my oral communication skills, I was selected by the office Director to be a presenter at an NCI symposium on the documentation of cancer research. This symposium was designed to inform cancer researchers about the new methods of cancer documentation within the NCI guidelines. This symposium was attended by 100+ participants consisting of researchers, scientists and support staff. I spoke on the history of the NCI, the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on documentation, and the relationship between NCI and the National Institutes of Health. In my former position as Executive Assistant to the Office of the Director (OD), I served as the liaison between the support staff of the OD, the NIH executive support staff, and companies in the private sector. I was responsible for keeping all parties informed about assignments and tasks due to the OD. My ability to communicate this information clearly and succinctly was very important in ensuring that the assigned tasks were fully understood and completed in a timely manner. Effective written communication skills are also critical in my current position. I have taken over a number of writing assignments previously completed by my supervisor. For instance, I draft monthly reports that update Division Directors and Institute Administrators on changes in procedures and regulations and their impact on operations. These written reports are concise yet detailed, and they are routinely approved by my supervisor without corrections.

The Satire of Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

The Satire of Animal Farm Orwell's book, "Animal Farm", is full of satire. This satire is Orwell's way of communicating problems and resolutions. The main message in Animal Farm is that power cannot be divided equally. There will never be equality for all. Once power is obtained it is always abused, and power causes all to think as the leader does. Equality does not exist, for it is impossible for everyone to be equal. There will always be a leader and there will always be followers, and they will never be equal. A society in which all are equal will never exist because people will have different opinions on the way that the society should be run. "This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible." Snowball and Napoleon are battling for control of the farm, they both want to be the leader because they know that the leader has the most privileges. The animals that are in charge, the pigs, do less work than the other animals. "All that year the animals worked like slaves." The title of leader is highly sought after, because the leader tells everyone what to do without actually having to work. The pigs not only do less work but they receive more food. "Once again all the rations were reduced, except those of the pigs and the dogs." The fact that the pigs receive more food than the other harder working animals, shows that the farm is full of inequality. This type of governing is wrong, and Orwell wants it to stop. Less power should be given to the leader, so that the leader and his followers can be more equal. Once a group or an individual obtains power, it is impossible to manage it correctly. The leader will always take advantage of his power. Power causes the leader to make decisions, that will only better himself. "... Boxer was being sent to the knacker's." The pigs killed an animal just so that they could make some money. The power led them to this decision, they could kill Boxer, make some money, and no one would ever find out. Everyone has heard about the golden rule: "whoever has the gold makes the rules." This applies to "

Hills Like White Elephants Essay

Ernest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† touches on an issue people have faced in the past and continues today: communication problems in a relationship. The ability to communicate your feelings to another person during complicated times reveals the true strength in a relationship. Hemingway tells his story through conversations between the two main characters, the American and the girl, named Jig. The characters face the harsh reality of an unexpected pregnancy and conflict is created through their dialogue. Their obstacle is complicated by their inability to deliver their differing opinions to each other. The couple’s failure to communicate their opinions straightforward turns the conversation into a tactic of manipulation. On the surface, it seems the American is the one doing the manipulation and trying to persuade the girl to have the abortion, but when Jig’s dialogue is looked closer, it’s clear that she participates in attempting to control the conversation, as well. Regardless of who is more successful, their relationship is damaged forever. To begin, the man does not want to be forced to deal with the complications of starting a family and giving up his lifestyle of travelling. He wants the girl to have an abortion, but he wants her to feel like the decision she makes is that of her own. The truth is he believes and knows his words will play a huge influence on her decision. After a few drinks, the man brings up the sensitive issue to the girl by choosing his words carefully: â€Å"It’s really an awfully simple operation† (Hemingway 133). The man tries pushing the issue further by inserting his own judgment and assuring her that â€Å"they just let the air in and then it’s all perfectly natural (133). His manipulation can be seen clearly when he suggests â€Å"[The baby’s] the only thing that bothers us† (133). It is clear that their relationship has not been the same since hearing news about the baby. I think she begins to realize that she is left with the choice between having the baby or being with him, which could be depicted when she â€Å"put her hand out and took hold of two of the strings beads, â€Å"referring to only two people being able to be together: her and the baby or her and the man. The man is also planting the idea into the girls mind that he wants her to have a say in the matter and to soften its impact. â€Å"You’ve got to realize†¦ that I don’t want you to do it if you don’t want to. I’m perfectly willing to go through with it if it means anything to you† (134). Yet, when asked if the baby means anything to him, the man replies, â€Å"I don’t want anyone else†. In this line the American is referring to the baby in the girl’s womb and is saying that he wants only her. While its implications are insensitive, the man believes he is appealing to the girl’s desire for a man devoted to her. Instead of telling Jig that he does not want a baby to complicate their lives, the man tries to make it seem like an abortion is the best thing for the couple through his careful manipulation. The man’s manipulation is very noticeable, but he is not the only one who can play that game. On the surface, the girl appears helpless and dependent, but if viewed from a different perspective she could be seen as manipulative. Hemingway names her â€Å"the girl† to portray her as somebody who is naive and immature. She appears to be dependent on the man by asking him questions such as, â€Å"What should we drink?† (132) or â€Å"What does it say?† (132). However, she is much smarter than she may seem and communicates her feelings through indirect ways without being offensive to the older man. During their conversation about the drinks tasting like licorice, the girl comments, â€Å"Everything tastes of licorice. Especially all the things you’ve waited so long for, like absinthe† (132). She is trying to show her frustration towards the man in a subtle way. Her frustration is built on the fact that, despite always wishing for a baby, she might not have that chance anymore if she decides to have the abortion. The girl also makes it aware that her frustration runs deeper into their relationship. Upon trying a new drink, Jig questions their life, â€Å"That’s all we do, isn’t it — look at things and try new drinks?† She uses â€Å"all† in a desperate attempt to show the man that she is bored of her life and their relationship, which Bauer suggests â€Å"does not seem to be moving into any kind of commitment† (Bauer), that she deeply wants. As the man suggests that everything will be better after the abortion, The girl reacts, â€Å"And you think then that we’ll be alright and be happy† (133). Without the man even realizing, the girl, to me, has gone from uncertainty to certainty because she did not have to ask the question, already knowing that, as Bauer suggests, â€Å"Whatever they do about the baby, they will not go back to where they were† (Bauer). The girl seems to be in control of the conversation and in response to the man’s claim â€Å"I’ve known lots of people that have done it† (133), she offers sarcasm, â€Å"And afterwards they were all so happy.† The girl realizes that the man is clueless and will never understand. She realizes that she does not have a real decision in her abortion, feeling that the man has already made the decision for her. To compensate for her lack of autonomy, she wants to make the man feel guilty for making her have the abortion, so she tells him, â€Å"then I’ll do it. Because I don’t care about me† (134). Jill grows more explicit to her refusal, as she repeats several times â€Å"No we can’t† (134), ironically refuting his agreement of her own sarcastic statement, â€Å"We can have everything† (134). The man fails to understand her point of view and when Jill points out that â€Å"once they take it away, you never get it back† (134), the man thinks she is talking about their world of travelling, proving his ignorance and selfish desire to hang on to that. Yet if the girl carries the baby to term, the steady sex life that the American has enjoyed will come to an end: Not only will he have to forego sex during her pregnancy, but he will also have to fight for time to have sex with the girl once the babofy is born. Regardless of how seriously the American would take his responsibilities as a father, simply having the baby living with the girl at home would remind the American that he can no longer enjoy the fairly carefree lifestyle that he and the girl led prior to the baby’s birth. In a sense, he would be entering adult life a second time. Another aspect of youth that the American relives is traveling. In looking at the bags with labels from â€Å"all the hotels where they had spent nights† (Hemingway 76), he is not only thinking of their lovemaking but also of the different places they have been to. Not only is the American sleeping with a young woman but he is also taking her to countless different cities. The man and the girl are vagrants with money, seeing the world as if there were nothing else for them to do. This vagrancy also serves the purpose of masking the fact that the American is not moving quickly from one woman to another—indeed, that he cannot do so. Instead of moving between partners, he is moving between cities and countries. Were the girl to give birth to the baby, though, this traveling would likely be forced to stop—and even if the couple could still go to different places, they would either have to take the baby with them or find someone to leave it with. In observing the girl’s willingness to carry their baby to term, he sees that she is ready to grow up, to take on responsibility, to settle down.

Historical Perspective of Management Essay

Max Weber was a German sociologist that pioneered the term bureaucracy. Weber founded sextet major principles of bureaucracy Formal stratified construction, Management by rules, Organization by functional specialty, An up-focused or in-focused mission, Purposely nonpersonal and Employment ground on technical qualifications. (Busting Bureaucracy. com)A formal hierarchical structure is the management pyramid that is knowing to constraint the level below with targetd provision and decision making. For example (chain of command). Then he developed management by rules such(prenominal) as policies and handbooks that are used by lower levels. Next is organization by functionality specialty this means that each singular will be placed in a position consort to their specialty. These triad steps of bureaucracy are nonoperational used today in every(prenominal) transmission line known.Max Weber designed this pyramid because in the 1930s the industrialism of our earth was expand ing and it was no order of command business was ran without consistency. And a change was needed to mark things run smoothly. My advice to managing people today is to organize your business according to functional specialization. Your employees and managers according to their skills and expertise so that each think over will be done to the surpass of that person or persons knowledge and capabilities. hire clear lines of hierarchical authority in doing so you will need to jell together a clear machinate of policy and rules that underline the chain of aim in detail. Your managers will need to be trained accordingly with consist seminars and concussion so that they can be healthy trained and fully informed some their duties and the duties of their staff. Decision making should be based on the rules and guidelines developed to guarantee tenacious and effective reflection of organization goals.

A comparative study of the regions

A comparative study of the contributions Bordeaux and Burgundy Wine as an intoxicant beverage is make by a heterogeneous and fascinate transit, which includes pressing the fruits or berries, fermentation the Juice, then through chemicals composed of certain kinds of alcohols, pigments, vitamins, sugar, several(prenominal) minerals and to a greater extent than 22 organic acids (Maynard 1965). Bordeaux and Burgundy be devil of the virtually well-kn witness and fabulous regions of France. Those top French regions shake a long explanation, substantive culture of vino-colo rose-cheeked-colou exit-colou blood-red and also possess a large nitty-gritty of the near famous chateaus.However, Burgundy and Bordeaux regions both contrive he their own unique characters and styles of the fuddle. In addition, the varieties of grapes for making drink also differ a smoke. The grape and the sure enough of style, quantity and superior of the vino is enormously influenced by weathe r events occurring in e very festering season, terrain and so on. This essay provides a brief oerview of the anatomy amidst Burgundy and Bordeaux region from a geographic, cultural and wine-coloredmaking layer of view.In addition, it also discusses a specific type of grape, which is Pi non Noir, and the causal agency wherefore it is the master(prenominal) red grape in Burgundy and not Cabernet Sauvignon. Since the first century AD, Bordeaux began to plant grapes along with the wine industry in this region began to wax as well Geoff 2010). Bordeaux is hardened in the s come forthhwest region of France, north of the Quatrain region and near the Atlantic coast. The river nurseryman basind the Bordeaux city into two lineaments, the atomic number 99 is the right band and the other(a) side in the west is odd bank, overdue to the bend of the river localisation principle.The left bank contri scarcelyes to wine business trading, since streaming external the bend. It contr i providedes to business transactions beca commit the river formed a ample enough arrow to allow the passing of merchandiser ships, which employ to dock and offload alongside the river. stock-still tough chateaux in this region educated the largest amount of very well wine than the other publicwide of winemaking. However, the smell of the wine varies socio-economic class-to- course, even season-to-season and uncertainty close to the vintage, which attri merelye to the geographical region.Bordeaux region is located amongst west longitude 0 17 to the east longitude 0 0 19 and north latitude 44 0 48 to 45 0 35, which belongs to temperate ocean humor with hot summers and cold winters without extremes of temperature (Holiday digest 2014). strain 1 and figure 2 respectively usher the average minimum and maximum temperature over the grade and average periodic precipitation over the year (pelting, snow) in Bordeaux. general anatomy 1 humanness Weather and Climate Inform ation, 2013, tote up minimum and maximum temperature over the year, World Weather and Climate Information, viewed 3 April 2014, Figure 2 World Weather and Climate Information, 2013, Average monthly precipitation over the year (rainfall, snow), World Weather and Climate Information, Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Bordeaux,France In the mild and humid springtime from March to May, it provides sufficient supply of wet for aboriginal growth grapes. However, too much moistness might be a major problem. The close serious i was in 1991, which had a very high humidity, the vines appe atomic number 18d gray mold and betroths mold, resulting in greatly reduced in wine work (Bill 2014).Summers in Bordeaux are normally filled with a unplayful level of sunshine and heat, but not ebullient high temperature due to proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. The climate becomes chilling and bingle could see quite a scrap of rain falling in minatory showers since September. Cold rain and strong bre eze ordinarily hit the region in January. During the winter, cold winds from the Atlantic often blow into the vineyards and might damage the vineyard, but forested hills and ridges in Bordeaux also played inwrought role to slow down the strong winds or change the direction much to a greater extent.The geology of this area contains several kinds of solid ground, which comprises of gravel, clay and limestone. Among them, the weed area is gravel nation. The Gardener flows through the Bordeaux region, which offers the irrigation water. In addition, the region s in the temperate maritime climate zone, which provide the godforsaken geographical condition for plant grapes. Also, Burgundy has a nifty long lasting reputation as untimely as Roman times and is one of the oldest wine regions (Wine Guide 2013). The wine industry has been developed vigorously, since Charlemagne began big cultivation of grapes.Burgundy is located in the northeastern inland France, between Dijon and Lyon, which is a more northern location than Bordeaux. Figure 3 Chew Nouns, 2013, Average temperature and rainfall for Burgundy, the Direct Route to the Real France, viewed 4 April 2014, It longs to a typical continental climate. However, the range of temperature changes a lot as the altitude and latitude vary due to the strip- stampd of Burgundy. The temperature in the southern part is middling high (roughly two degrees on average). From April to October, the temperature is relatively high but not too hot.It could r to each one the highest temperatures during July and August along with the rainfall averaging mom per month, then the temperature turns cold in the autumn, a mom increase in the monthly rainfall on average, and accompanied by thunderstorms. In old winters, the rainfall decreases to mom per month on average. This is not the optimum condition for planting grapes, by right, along with the location in the central mountain of France. The really high latitude is inappropriate for emergence grapes. However, Burgundy has cultivated and brewed such a lot of comfortably variety of grapes and wine.The reason is that nigh of the Burgundy vineyards are located in the south or south-facing gentle slope, which is bankrupt resistance to the frost damage and avoid the mistral, and use the thermal from the sun effectively. Those reasons make Burgundy better in planting grapes. rough other main factor is the soil, which plays an of import role in wine planting. The terrain disport of Burgundy defer strip-shaped from north to south, which contributes to big differences in style between the north and south. The northern Chablis region is occlude to limited terrain condition of viticulture.In Burgundy, the origin of geology and the chemical construction of soil are diversified from the north to the south. However, in that location is still a certain unifying feature on geology and soil structure, which its sedimentary soil makes up of clay, marl and limestone. The structure has been formed for fifteen million historic period since the Jurassic time. In addition, the composition of soil in Burgundy is varied, but in the first place is calcareous soil. This kind of soil is around favored by Chardonnay and Pinot Noir. The elite group position of those vineyards is located in the Golden heap area, on the sunny eastern-facing slope.Although, in the fascinating world of wine, both Bordeaux and Burgundy have a long history in winemaking since at least cholecalciferol BC and strong wine culture, but diametric cultural and historical backgrounds created different traditions and ideas, resulting n two different kinds of great French wines. Classification system between Burgundy and Bordeaux region are the major difference link to culture. Since 1855, Bordeaux has been classified based on expense, succession Burgundy has been classified based on terror (Benjamin 2010).In the year of 1855, two events established personal line of crediting styles for classifying and ranking wine, and the results have reverberated ever since. The classification of the Medic wine is the most noted one, which not only set out the classification of wine in the left bank, also made classification based on price for all Bordeaux wines. Burgundy region is entirely based on the location and disposition of the vineyard terror to divide and decision levels, so only the best vineyards as to geographical conditions as the highest level. Another event is less(prenominal) known, which occurred in the same year.Livable issued a map of any single vineyard in Burgundy which displayed details from Santayana to Dijon, razing them Tet De cupfule, Premiere, Dioxideme and even Troopsme Cupe (Benjamin 2010). In 1936, the map of Cet entrance was updated more than 400 appellations when the appellation controlle system was announced. Now in Burgundy, every vineyard has TTS place in a pecking order classified in descending order of quality from Grand Cru, Premier Cru, Village wine, to Generic Burgundy. These story for 2%, 10%, 36% and 52% of the total production of wines in Burgundy respectively (Tim 2014).The elite part of the region is the Grand occlude. Those are the best-known vineyards and labeled solely with their names of the producer. Not every Grands Crush are equally quality, but most of them are normally the finest and relatively expensive wines in Burgundy. Another interesting difference refers to culture between Burgundy and Bordeaux is he shape of the wine specs. The correct wine appreciation supply could raise a fine wine to tot out the intuitive feeling, highlighting its features and keeping it in balance. Due to the different characteristics of those two regions, choosing wine spectacles should not be the same as well.Bordeaux-styled wine glasses are usually a large, long-legged scene of action, which is shaped like a tulip. This kind of glasses is ideal for heaps of full body red wine, especially for Bor deaux wines. Because Bordeaux wines are generally is a here and now high acidulousness and more tannin, the curvature of the glasses could appropriate control he speed of savour rather than the vertical shaped glasses. Otherwise, the Burgundy red wines mainly from the Pinot Noir, which are quite fragrant, fruity and seductive. Spherical shape glasses with a wide and large bowl could make the aroma of Burgundy wine expand up toward your nose, enhance the complex aromas of the wine.Also, due to the high tartness of the wine, the glasses usually have a slightly flared opening to direct the wine toward the tip of your tongue, accentuating the fragrancy of the flavors. From the winemaking point of view, each region has its own feature and attractive Tyler. The variety of grapes, color and savouring are three major prospects when talking about the difference between Burgundy and Bordeaux region. The first difference is the crude(a) material, which is related to the variety of grap es. Bordeaux wines usually make up with a multiple verities of grapes.Winemakers in Bordeaux believe that the tasting of each simple grape is not perfect, and therefore require the deployment of different varieties mixed together to support each other in order to enhance the flavor. In addition, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, brewed together with one or boilersuit other varieties of grapes, basically dominate this region of wines. Nevertheless, winemakers in Burgundy love making wine through one single variety of grape, small-scale production and packaging. Pinot Noir dominates most of them. The second major difference is the color from appearance. As to the red wine, the color is from the skin of the grape.Due to the difference of ascendant grapes, the colors of the wine from those two regions differ. The skin of the Cabernet Sauvignon is thicker than Pinot Noir. then the color of wines from Burgundy region seems to lighter by contrast to Bordeaux wines. The last distinguishin g factor is the taste. Differences in varieties result in difference taste. As tannin is the main factor, which constitutes a main structure of the wine, Bordeaux wines, which mainly make up with Cabernet Sauvignon, have strong astringent taste, due to thicker skin. By contrast, Burgundy wine has more sour and fruit flavor, but less tannin.This is because Pinot Noir has full and rich fruity flavor and thinner skin. Lastly, the main variety of the grape used to making wine is different as well. In Bordeaux, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot and Petit Overdo are the four main red grapes. The majority of the wine production in Bordeaux is red wine, which account for 4/5 of the total production. plot Pinot Noir is the dominant red grape in the Burgundy region, Semicolon, Sauvignon dumbbell and dense Is Kodak are the representative while grapes of Bordeaux, where produce the best and most expensive red wine and sweet wines in the world.In addition, the quantity of the dry gab ardine wines is particularly outstanding. Alighted and chardonnay are two main white grape varieties in Burgundy. Generally, the wine is made based on one single variety of grapes in Burgundy. Pinot noir is the main red grape in Burgundy. Compared to Cabernet Sauvignon, which is strong adaptability to the surroundings and low cultivation cost, Pinot Noir is one of the grapes that winemakers need to carefully take care. A glass of near(a) quality Pinot Noir Burgundy wine will bring people unparalleled fantastic feeling.Because of this, the worlds most aspiring(prenominal) wine producers were keen to plant this uncertain nature feature grape. However, not every wine region could possession Pinot Noir like The first reason why Pinot Noir the main red grape in Burgundy and not Bordeaux traces back to 4th century AD (Imprint 2011). at that place is an evidence that at that time, Pinot Noir was already planted in Burgundy. Pinot Noir used to name Morrison Noir at an early time. poster ior in 14th century, with related record in Burgundy, a name called Pinot Noir had already been described. The fate of Pinot Noir is related to Burgundy inevitably.The second essential reason is the favorable maturement conditions. Pinot Noir usually germinate earlier than other varieties, and then assailable to spring frost consequently, stop growing after flowering. in that locationfore, it is best not to plant Pinot Noir in low-lying, damp and cool place. The average temperature in Burgundy is high and the infill precipitation is lower than Bordeaux, which is more appropriate for Pinot Noir growing. As for Cabernet Sauvignon, which is late maturing variety, a mixture of gravel and chunks of quartzite soil is more appropriate for Cabernet Sauvignon.This is due to the heat transportation of gravel and drainage that is relatively proficient, more qualified for the late, maturing variety. The geographical condition of Bordeaux might be the good choice for Cabernet Sauvignon t o grow. Theoretically, the production of Pinot Noir is quite low, but in Burgundy, the clone technology contribute to the improvement of the production during the sass and he early sass. Comparing with other majority of grape varieties, this variety is more vulnerable to various kinds of mold and easier to rot, but also more vulnerable to viruses, especially grapevine fan foliation virus and grapevine leaf roll virus (Edison 2002).This is because the skin of the Pinot Noir is thinner than others. In fact, due to the administer of the disease in Burgundy vineyard, thereby, the clone of Pinot Noir is quite promoted in sass. Hence, Burgundy has a more advanced technology of planting and cloning Pinot Noir than Bordeaux. Thirdly, generally speaking, Pinot Noir from the limestone soil are usually with good laity. In the relative cold climate, this early ripen grapes generally ripen a bit late along with lack of aroma and the acidity is not enough. For example, in Burgundy, they both p lant Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon.In some years, the Pinot Noir might ripen later than Cabernet Sauvignon, but in some years, Cabernet Sauvignon might ripen later than Pinot Noir. There is a consensus that the brew of Pinot Noir is much harder than Cabernet Sauvignon. This is because in the process of the brewing, it is required to constantly monitor and alter the technology of winemaking according to the different needs each year. Due to the geographical reason, which is strip-shaped, most of the vineyards in Burgundy are smaller area and operation on a smaller scale than Bordeaux.Therefore, the small-scale vineyard is good to take care of Pinot Noir and manage the vineyard in order to produce more good quality grapes. As the two of the most famous wine region in the world, it is admitted that both have a long history of wine and a strong wine culture. But in some aspect of geographical, cultural and winemaking, they still have some differences between those two. However, with no doubt, the wine from the Bordeaux and Burgundy region are fascinating and tasty aromas. On those two pieces of land, stand the worlds most famous wineries.